{"id":27641,"date":"2020-06-17T11:06:27","date_gmt":"2020-06-17T11:06:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/?page_id=27641"},"modified":"2025-11-19T14:22:32","modified_gmt":"2025-11-19T14:22:32","slug":"cht-heat-exchanger","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/docs\/tutorials\/cht-heat-exchanger\/","title":{"rendered":"Tutorial: Conjugate Heat Transfer in a U-Tube Heat Exchanger"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This tutorial shows how a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/docs\/analysis-types\/conjugate-heat-transfer-analysis\/\">conjugate heat transfer<\/a> simulation in a U-tube heat exchanger can be performed using SimScale&#8217;s CHT solver.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2021\/05\/Heat-Exchanger-Image.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"736\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2021\/05\/Heat-Exchanger-Image-1024x736.png\" alt=\"streamlines in a utype heat exchanger simulation\" class=\"wp-image-45668\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2021\/05\/Heat-Exchanger-Image-1024x736.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2021\/05\/Heat-Exchanger-Image-300x215.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2021\/05\/Heat-Exchanger-Image-768x552.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2021\/05\/Heat-Exchanger-Image.png 1040w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1: Visualization of the temperature distribution on the streams in the heat exchanger<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This kind of heat exchanger is named after the U-shaped tube and is a simple, low price structure with less sealing surface. It has a tube configuration that can expand or contract freely, without producing thermal stress due to the temperature difference between the tube and shell, leading to a good thermal compensation performance. SimScale can simulate and visualize this thermal conduction between the solid shell and the two streams that flow within.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"overview\">Overview<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>This tutorial teaches users how to:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Set up and run a conjugate heat transfer simulation using CHT solver.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Assign boundary conditions, material assignments, and other properties to the simulation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mesh with SimScale&#8217;s standard meshing algorithm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Post-process the results in SimScale.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>You are following the typical SimScale workflow:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Prepare the CAD model for the simulation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Set up the simulation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Create the mesh.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Run the simulation and analyze the results.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-prepare-the-cad-model-and-select-the-analysis-type\">1. Prepare the CAD Model and Select the Analysis Type<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-1-import-the-cad-into-your-workbench\">1.1. Import the CAD into Your Workbench<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First of all, click the button below. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"hw-block hw-btnWrapper hw-btnWrapper--alignCenter \">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/workbench?publiclink=7a4e9901-70fc-463b-b03e-331996c563ed\" class=\"hw-btn    \" rel=\"noopener  nofollow\"     >\n        Import project into the Workbench    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following picture demonstrates what should be visible after importing the u-tube heat exchanger tutorial project.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/heat-exchanger-import-image.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1909\" height=\"897\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/heat-exchanger-import-image.png\" alt=\"heat exchanger CAD import workbench\" class=\"wp-image-94863\" style=\"aspect-ratio:2.1134361233480177;object-fit:cover;width:788px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/heat-exchanger-import-image.png 1909w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/heat-exchanger-import-image-300x141.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/heat-exchanger-import-image-1024x481.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/heat-exchanger-import-image-768x361.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/heat-exchanger-import-image-1536x722.png 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1909px) 100vw, 1909px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2: Imported CAD model of the heat exchanger in the SimScale workbench<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-2-editing-the-cad-model\">1.2. Editing the CAD Model<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Before you start setting up the u-tube heat exchanger simulation, you need to do some CAD pre-processing. As you simulate a conjugate heat transfer, you want to know the heat transfer between solids and fluids. Natively you already have the solid shell CAD part, now you need to create the flow regions. <br>The following picture illustrates the parts you need for setting up the simulation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"224\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2020\/05\/2020-05-26_13-06-17-1-1024x224.png\" alt=\"cad parts for cht simulation of heat exchanger \" class=\"wp-image-29147\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2020\/05\/2020-05-26_13-06-17-1-1024x224.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2020\/05\/2020-05-26_13-06-17-1-300x66.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2020\/05\/2020-05-26_13-06-17-1-768x168.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2020\/05\/2020-05-26_13-06-17-1-1536x336.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2020\/05\/2020-05-26_13-06-17-1-2048x449.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3: CAD components necessary for the simulation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, you need to run an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/knowledge-base\/what-does-imprint-do\/\">Imprint<\/a> operation to enhance the automatic contact detection. All of these steps are possible within SimScale&#8217;s <em>CAD edit<\/em> tool:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/edit-a-copy-heat-exchanger.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"755\" height=\"343\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/edit-a-copy-heat-exchanger.png\" alt=\"simscale workbench cad editing tool\" class=\"wp-image-94865\" style=\"width:576px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/edit-a-copy-heat-exchanger.png 755w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/edit-a-copy-heat-exchanger-300x136.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 755px) 100vw, 755px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 4: To visualize CAD editing options, select a geometry and click on the <strong>&#8216;Edit a copy&#8217;<\/strong> button.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>a. Internal Flow Volume Operation for Modelling the Inner Fluid Domain<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the CAD editing tool, the first step is the creation of an <em>Internal Flow Volume<\/em> operation. In this step, you will assign a <em>Seed<\/em> face, as well as the boundary faces of the flow region.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/internal-flow-volume-u-tube.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"673\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/internal-flow-volume-u-tube-1024x673.png\" alt=\"flow volume creation cht simulation cad editing tool\" class=\"wp-image-93419\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/internal-flow-volume-u-tube-1024x673.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/internal-flow-volume-u-tube-300x197.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/internal-flow-volume-u-tube-768x505.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/internal-flow-volume-u-tube.png 1375w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 5: After clicking on Apply, the tube side flow region will be created.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Create an <strong>&#8216;Internal Flow Volume&#8217;<\/strong> operation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Define a <em>Seed face<\/em>, which is a face that will be in contact with the flow region. In Figure 5, the seed face is highlighted in blue;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Select the <em>Boundary faces<\/em>, where the openings are. In this case, you have two boundary faces, highlighted in pink in Figure 5;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hit <strong>&#8216;Apply&#8217;<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At this point, the tube side flow region will be created. Using the same logic, you have to create one more flow region, using another internal flow volume operation:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/second-internal-flow-region-creation-u-tube.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/second-internal-flow-region-creation-u-tube-1024x573.png\" alt=\"flow volume creation shell side heat exchanger cad editing\" class=\"wp-image-93420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/second-internal-flow-region-creation-u-tube-1024x573.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/second-internal-flow-region-creation-u-tube-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/second-internal-flow-region-creation-u-tube-768x429.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/second-internal-flow-region-creation-u-tube-1536x859.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/second-internal-flow-region-creation-u-tube.png 1624w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 6: In the image, the seed face is highlighted in blue, whereas the boundary faces are highlighted in pink.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the image above, please note that you will need to rotate the model around to select the second boundary face.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now you have both fluid regions ready for the u-tube heat exchanger. Only the <em>Imprint<\/em> operation is missing before the model is ready to simulate:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/imprint-operation-u-tube-heat-exchanger-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"573\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/imprint-operation-u-tube-heat-exchanger-1-1024x573.png\" alt=\"imprint for CHT\" class=\"wp-image-93422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/imprint-operation-u-tube-heat-exchanger-1-1024x573.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/imprint-operation-u-tube-heat-exchanger-1-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/imprint-operation-u-tube-heat-exchanger-1-768x430.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/imprint-operation-u-tube-heat-exchanger-1-1536x860.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/07\/imprint-operation-u-tube-heat-exchanger-1.png 1604w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 7: The imprint operation enhances the automatic contact detection. In CHT analysis, it&#8217;s always run after the flow volume creation. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Select an <strong>&#8216;Imprint&#8217;<\/strong> operation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Select all volumes in the assembly<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Click <strong>&#8216;Apply&#8217;<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hit <strong>&#8216;Save&#8217;<\/strong> to allow you to use the modified CAD model in a simulation run<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"hw-block hw-note hw-note--success hw-note\">\n    <div class=\"hw-note__title\">\n        <p class=\"hw-note__titleText\"><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>We have some knowledge base articles which can help to understand the CAD requirements for CHT simulations:<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"hw-note__body\">\n        <p><p><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/knowledge-base\/what-is-a-flow-volume\/\">What is a flow volume?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/knowledge-base\/flow-volume-extraction\/\">How to create a flow volume extraction?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/knowledge-base\/how-to-prepare-the-fluid-region-for-conjugate-heat-transfer-simulations\/\">How to prepare CAD for CHT simulations?<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/knowledge-base\/what-does-imprint-do\/\">What does imprint do?<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\r\n<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"1-3-create-the-u-tube-heat-exchanger-simulation\">1.3. Create the U-tube Heat Exchanger Simulation<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the model is exported from the <em>CAD edit<\/em> tool, it will be named <em>Heat_Exchanger &#8211; Copy<\/em>. This is the model that we will use to run the simulation.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/creating-a-new-simulation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1267\" height=\"737\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/creating-a-new-simulation.png\" alt=\"create simulation button heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-94866\" style=\"width:787px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/creating-a-new-simulation.png 1267w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/creating-a-new-simulation-300x175.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/creating-a-new-simulation-1024x596.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2024\/08\/creating-a-new-simulation-768x447.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1267px) 100vw, 1267px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 8: To create a new simulation tree, select a geometry and click on the <strong>&#8216;Create Simulation&#8217;<\/strong> button<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At this point, the analysis type widget opens in the viewer:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/newsim-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"968\" height=\"778\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/newsim-1.png\" alt=\"creating a new CHT simulation\" class=\"wp-image-108003\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.2442710872745002\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/newsim-1.png 968w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/newsim-1-300x241.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/newsim-1-768x617.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 968px) 100vw, 968px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 9: SimScale has a wide range of analysis types available, covering CFD and FEA.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Choose the <strong>&#8216;Conjugate Heat Transfer&#8217;<\/strong>, then click on the<strong> &#8216;Create Simulation&#8217;<\/strong> button to get started. If you want to learn more about this analysis type, click <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/docs\/analysis-types\/conjugate-heat-transfer-analysis\/\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-setting-up-the-u-tube-heat-exchanger-simulation\">2. Setting Up the U-tube Heat Exchanger Simulation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now you can define the global settings of your u-tube heat exchanger simulation. The following setup should pop up automatically, if not you get there by clicking on the name of the simulation:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/globalsettings-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"391\" height=\"425\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/globalsettings-1.png\" alt=\"setting up the global settings for the simulation\" class=\"wp-image-108005\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/globalsettings-1.png 391w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/globalsettings-1-276x300.png 276w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 391px) 100vw, 391px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 10: Choosing the k-omega SST turbulence model for the compressible CFD analysis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here, you can define global settings for your simulation. In this case, the flow is turbulent, so the <strong>&#8216;k-omega SST&#8217; <\/strong>turbulence model is chosen and the <strong>&#8216;Compressible&#8217;<\/strong> option is enabled to account for the density variations within the domain.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-1-assign-the-model\">2.1. Assign the Model<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Click on <strong>&#8216;Model&#8217;<\/strong> in the simulation tree to define the gravity force acting on the domain according to the coordinate system of the CAD. In this case, gravity is defined in the negative y-direction:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2020\/05\/Model-Properties-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"478\" height=\"289\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2020\/05\/Model-Properties-2.png\" alt=\"gravity direction assignment model\" class=\"wp-image-28401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2020\/05\/Model-Properties-2.png 478w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2020\/05\/Model-Properties-2-300x181.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 478px) 100vw, 478px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 11: The gravity that is applied to the simulation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-2-assign-the-materials\">2.2. Assign the Materials<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this simulation, you want to analyze the heat transfer between a fluid through a solid into another fluid. Therefore, you need to assign properties to the two-fluid regions and the solid shell.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>a. Fluids<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To apply a new material, click on the <strong>&#8216;+&#8217;<\/strong> icon next to the <em>Fluids<\/em> under the <em>Materials<\/em> tab. For this project, the two flow regions consist of <strong>&#8216;Water&#8217;<\/strong>, so choose it from the option that is listed on the panel that appears:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Water_Utube_Tutorial.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"906\" height=\"883\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Water_Utube_Tutorial.png\" alt=\"Material_Assignment_Water_Utube_Tutorial u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70677\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Water_Utube_Tutorial.png 906w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Water_Utube_Tutorial-300x292.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Water_Utube_Tutorial-768x749.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 906px) 100vw, 906px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 12: Fluids material list for the conjugate heat transfer analysis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After you click <strong>&#8216;Apply&#8217;<\/strong>, assign the material to the inner flow region by picking it on the geometry tree at the top right of the screen.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/30.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"637\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/30-1024x637.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-83206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/30-1024x637.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/30-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/30-768x478.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/30-1536x955.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/30-2048x1274.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 13: Properties of water for the flow regions material assignment<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now you will assign <strong>&#8216;Air&#8217;<\/strong> as material of the hot flow region:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Air_Utube_Tutorial.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"921\" height=\"875\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Air_Utube_Tutorial.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-70679\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Air_Utube_Tutorial.png 921w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Air_Utube_Tutorial-300x285.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Air_Utube_Tutorial-768x730.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 921px) 100vw, 921px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 14: The hot fluid will be modelled as gas.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pick the flow region that corresponds to the outer fluid part:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/20-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"634\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/20-1-1024x634.png\" alt=\"Material_Assignment_Air_Utube_Tutorial_flow_region u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-83207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/20-1-1024x634.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/20-1-300x186.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/20-1-768x475.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/20-1-1536x951.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/20-1-2048x1267.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 15: As both of the fluid parts are modelled as &#8216;Flow regions&#8217;<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"solids\"> Solids<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Click on the <strong>&#8216;+&#8217;<\/strong> icon next to the <em>Solids<\/em> under the <em>Materials<\/em> tab. The material chosen for the shell is <strong>&#8216;Steel&#8217;<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Steel2_Utube_Tutorial.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"767\" height=\"979\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Steel2_Utube_Tutorial.png\" alt=\"Material_Assignment_Steel2_Utube_Tutorial\" class=\"wp-image-70681\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Steel2_Utube_Tutorial.png 767w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/Material_Assignment_Steel2_Utube_Tutorial-235x300.png 235w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 767px) 100vw, 767px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 16: Solids material list for a conjugate heat transfer analysis<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same procedure is followed to assign it to the respective part:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/40.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"633\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/40-1024x633.png\" alt=\"Material_Assignment_Steel_Utube_Tutorial_solid_region u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-83208\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/40-1024x633.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/40-300x185.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/40-768x475.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/40-1536x949.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/10\/40-2048x1266.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 17: Properties of steel for the solid region material assignment<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"hw-block hw-note hw-note--success hw-note\">\n    <div class=\"hw-note__title\">\n        <p class=\"hw-note__titleText\"><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Did you know?<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"hw-note__body\">\n        <p>If you have a custom material that is not available in the materials list, you can easily define it in SimScale. This <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/knowledge-base\/custom-materials-in-simscale\/\">article<\/a> shows the necessary steps.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-3-assign-the-boundary-conditions\">2.3. Assign the Boundary Conditions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To assign boundary conditions on the u-tube heat exchanger, click on the &#8216;<strong>+<\/strong>&#8216; icon next to the <em>Boundary conditions<\/em>, and click on the types described in this section.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/boundarycond.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"617\" height=\"574\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/boundarycond.png\" alt=\"setting up boundary conditions\" class=\"wp-image-108006\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/boundarycond.png 617w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/boundarycond-300x279.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 617px) 100vw, 617px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 18: Boundary conditions<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"inner-flow-region-low-temperature-fluid-region\">Inner Flow Region (Low-Temperature Fluid Region)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Initially, apply the inlet velocity of the cold stream, by clicking on the <strong>&#8216;Velocity Inlet&#8217; <\/strong>option from the drop-down menu that appears as seen in Figure 18, and set the velocity in the x-direction to <strong>&#8216;-0.05&#8217;<\/strong> \\(m \\over s \\). Add a temperature of <strong>&#8217;10&#8217;<\/strong> \\(\u00b0C\\).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_coolant_water_inlet.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"536\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_coolant_water_inlet-1024x536.png\" alt=\"u-tube_velocity_inlet_coolant_water_inlet u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70684\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_coolant_water_inlet-1024x536.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_coolant_water_inlet-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_coolant_water_inlet-768x402.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_coolant_water_inlet.png 1358w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 19: Velocity for the inlet of the inner flow region<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <em>Pressure Outlet <\/em>condition with a fixed value of the atmospheric pressure <strong>&#8216;101325&#8217;<\/strong> \\(Pa\\) is then applied to the outlet face of the inner flow region:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_coolant_water_outlet.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_coolant_water_outlet-1024x500.png\" alt=\"u-tube_pressure_outlet_coolant_water_outlet u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70685\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_coolant_water_outlet-1024x500.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_coolant_water_outlet-300x147.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_coolant_water_outlet-768x375.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_coolant_water_outlet.png 1242w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 20: Pressure assignment for the outlet of the inner flow region<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"outer-flow-region-high-temperature-fluid-region\">Outer Flow Region (High-Temperature Fluid Region)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apply the same procedure for the hot stream, aka the outer flow region as well, starting with a <em>Velocity<\/em> of <strong>&#8217;10&#8217;<\/strong> \\( m \\over s\\) in the y-direction and a temperature of <strong>&#8216;100&#8217;<\/strong> \\(\u00b0C\\).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_hot_gas_inlet.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_hot_gas_inlet-1024x578.png\" alt=\"u-tube_velocity_inlet_hot_gas_inlet u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70686\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_hot_gas_inlet-1024x578.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_hot_gas_inlet-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_hot_gas_inlet-768x434.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_velocity_inlet_hot_gas_inlet.png 1231w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 21: Velocity for the inlet of the outer flow region<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, set the <em>Pressure Outlet<\/em> condition for the outlet with a fixed value of <strong>&#8216;101325&#8217; <\/strong>\\(Pa\\):<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_hot_gas_outlet.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"522\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_hot_gas_outlet-1024x522.png\" alt=\"u-tube_pressure_outlet_hot_gas_outlet\" class=\"wp-image-70687\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_hot_gas_outlet-1024x522.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_hot_gas_outlet-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_hot_gas_outlet-768x392.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_pressure_outlet_hot_gas_outlet.png 1218w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 22: Pressure assignment for the outlet of the outer flow region<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"hw-block hw-note hw-note--info hw-note\">\n    <div class=\"hw-note__title\">\n        <p class=\"hw-note__titleText\"><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Important Information<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"hw-note__body\">\n        <p><p>\r\nSince compressible flow option is enabled under the global settings, provided pressure inputs for the outlets should be in absolute, not gauge. For more details on this topic, you can go to <a href='https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/knowledge-base\/error-invalid-initial-and-boundary-conditions-for-pressure\/'>this page<\/a>.\r\n<p><\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"2-5-simulation-control-numerics\">2.4. Simulation Control &amp; Numerics<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Leave the Simulation Control and Numerics panel at its default state, since the default settings are optimized enough for this application. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/simulation_control_u_tube.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"448\" height=\"399\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/simulation_control_u_tube.png\" alt=\"simulation_control_u_tube u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70688\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/simulation_control_u_tube.png 448w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/simulation_control_u_tube-300x267.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 23: Simulation control panel<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These simulation control settings will perform 1000 iterations and only print one solution field at the latest iteration. If you want to know more about simulation control settings, you can check out <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/docs\/simulation-setup\/simulation-control\/#open-foam\">this page<\/a> for more information.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"3-mesh\">3. Mesh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Click on <strong>&#8216;Mesh&#8217; <\/strong>to access the global mesh settings, shown in the following picture. Choose the <strong>&#8216;Standard&#8217;<\/strong> algorithm, and set the <em>Fineness<\/em> to Level <strong>&#8216;5&#8217;<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_mesh.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"448\" height=\"636\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_mesh.png\" alt=\"u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70689\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_mesh.png 448w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_mesh-211x300.png 211w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 24: Mesh panel for the Standard mesher with automatic sizing<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you are interested to see how to use the standard meshing tool, take a look at <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/docs\/tutorials\/creating-a-standard-mesh-heat-sink\/\">this<\/a> tutorial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"4-start-the-u-tube-heat-exchanger-simulation\">4. Start the U-tube Heat Exchanger Simulation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">After all the settings are completed, proceed by clicking the <strong>&#8216;+&#8217;<\/strong> icon next to the <em>Simulation Runs<\/em>, so you start with the analysis. The mesh will be generated automatically before the run.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/setupcomplete.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/setupcomplete.png\" alt=\"simulation_start_u_tube_tutorial\" class=\"wp-image-108008\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/setupcomplete.png 250w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/setupcomplete-203x300.png 203w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 25: Create a new simulation run<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While the results are being calculated, you can already have a look at the intermediate results in the post-processor. They are being updated in real-time!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-post-processing\">5. Post-Processing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When the simulation is complete, you can check the <em>Convergence<\/em> and the <em>Results<\/em> of the simulation. You can access either of them in the <em>Simulation<\/em> tree by clicking on them, as you can see below:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/simcomplete-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"377\" height=\"232\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/simcomplete-1.png\" alt=\"post-process_start_u_tube_tutorial u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-108010\" style=\"width:377px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/simcomplete-1.png 377w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/09\/simcomplete-1-300x185.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 377px) 100vw, 377px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 26: Results of the simulation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-1-convergence-plot\">5.1. Convergence Plot<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The convergence plot indicates whether or not the solution is reliable, or whether some changes should be made in the settings, such as making the mesh finer or increasing the simulation time. In the following picture, you can see how the residuals of your simulations will appear in the plot:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/residuals_u_tube_tutorial_updated.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"599\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/residuals_u_tube_tutorial_updated-1024x599.png\" alt=\"residuals_u_tube_tutorial_updated\" class=\"wp-image-70702\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/residuals_u_tube_tutorial_updated-1024x599.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/residuals_u_tube_tutorial_updated-300x176.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/residuals_u_tube_tutorial_updated-768x450.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/residuals_u_tube_tutorial_updated-1536x899.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/residuals_u_tube_tutorial_updated.png 1587w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 27: Convergence plot of the simulation. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To view the results of your u-tube heat exchanger simulation, click on the <strong>&#8216;Solution Fields&#8217;<\/strong> tab under your finished run. This will redirect you to the post-processor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-2-surface-visualization-of-u-tube-heat-exchanger\">5.2 Surface Visualization of U-tube Heat Exchanger<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can check the distribution of a parameter across a whole part. For example. if you wish to view the temperature values of the hot gas, do the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Hide the flow region that corresponds to the coolant, as well as the shell using the tree at the top right;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Set the <em>Coloring<\/em> input to <strong>&#8216;Temperature&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Change the unit to <strong>&#8216;\\(\u00b0C\\)&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Right-click on the legend at the bottom and choose the <strong>&#8216;Use continuous legend&#8217;<\/strong> option.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"574\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body-1024x574.png\" alt=\"u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body-1024x574.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body-300x168.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body-768x431.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body-1536x861.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body.png 1548w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 28: The visualization of each parameter can be applied to every part of the model separately, or combined.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The drop of the high-temperature inlet to the low-temperature outlet can be seen due to the transition of warm colors at the bottom to cold shades at the upper side of the fluid domain. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body_cont_scale.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"741\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body_cont_scale-1024x741.png\" alt=\"u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body_cont_scale u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70694\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body_cont_scale-1024x741.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body_cont_scale-300x217.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body_cont_scale-768x556.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u-tube_tutorial_temperature_part_body_cont_scale.png 1202w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 29: This is how the surface visualization will appear after the continuous legend filter is added. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-2-cutting-planes\">5.3. Cutting Planes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Create a new cutting plane to view the temperature distribution across the center plane. To add this feature:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Click on the <strong>&#8216;Cutting Plane&#8217; <\/strong>option;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_how_to_cutting_plane.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_how_to_cutting_plane-1024x506.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-70695\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_how_to_cutting_plane-1024x506.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_how_to_cutting_plane-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_how_to_cutting_plane-768x379.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_how_to_cutting_plane-1536x759.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_how_to_cutting_plane.png 1919w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 30: When adding a new filter, all the available options will appear in a drop-down menu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Choose the <strong>&#8216;Z&#8217;<\/strong> axis. It will automatically generate a plane normal to this axis, coincident with the origin of the model. If you wish to visualize the plane as in Figure 31, make sure you check the inversion button next to the orientation option;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Choose <strong>&#8216;Temperature&#8217; <\/strong>as the <em>Coloring<\/em> option.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_cutting_plane_temperature.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"504\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_cutting_plane_temperature-1024x504.png\" alt=\"u_tube_tutorial_cutting_plane_temperature u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70696\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_cutting_plane_temperature-1024x504.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_cutting_plane_temperature-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_cutting_plane_temperature-768x378.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_cutting_plane_temperature-1536x756.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_cutting_plane_temperature.png 1912w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 31: Cutting plane with the temperature distribution<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now the contribution of the coolant in the temperature drop of the hot gas can also be visualized. The areas that are close to the hot gas inlet appear warmer than the upper part which is located near the cooler side. Also, the left part of the cutting plane, which is the farthest away from the coolant, has some warm-colored contours as well. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Apart from the internal temperature, the velocity magnitude can be really insightful too, especially when the vectors are visualized:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Deactivate the Parts Color, so only the plane is displayed on the screen;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Change the <em>Coloring<\/em> to <strong>&#8216;Velocity Magnitude&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Activate the <strong>&#8216;Vectors&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Change the <em>Scale factor<\/em> to <strong>&#8216;0.1&#8217;<\/strong> and the <em>Grid Spacing<\/em> to <strong>&#8216;0.02&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Finally, activate the <strong>&#8216;Project vectors onto plane&#8217;<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_vectors.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"509\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_vectors-1024x509.png\" alt=\"u_tube_tutorial_vectors\" class=\"wp-image-70697\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_vectors-1024x509.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_vectors-300x149.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_vectors-768x381.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_vectors-1536x763.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_vectors.png 1909w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 32: The longer the arrows that represent the vectors, the higher the velocity in that area. This can be observed mostly near the inlets and outlets, as well as inside the tubes. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"5-3-streamlines\">5.4. Streamlines<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Create a <em>Particle Trace<\/em> set, and select the face of the inlet&#8217;s coolant as the seed face in order to generate the visualization of flow as streamlines:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/New-Streamlines-Filter-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"517\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/New-Streamlines-Filter-1-1024x517.png\" alt=\"pick position for streamline generation of the coolant in heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-50043\" style=\"width:768px;height:388px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/New-Streamlines-Filter-1-1024x517.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/New-Streamlines-Filter-1-300x151.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/New-Streamlines-Filter-1-768x388.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/New-Streamlines-Filter-1-1536x775.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/New-Streamlines-Filter-1-2048x1034.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 33: The streamlines enter the u-tube heat exchanger from the inlet, flow through the pipes, and exit from the model from the bottom after cooling down the hot gas.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Deactivate the visualization of <em>Parts Color<\/em>, so you only see the streamlines on the workbench;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Set the number of streamlines that are going to be generated horizontally to <strong>&#8217;20&#8217;<\/strong>. Repeat for the number of streamlines that are going to be generated vertically, but this time set it to <strong>&#8217;30&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Add a <em>Spacing <\/em>input of <strong>&#8216;3e-3&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Switch the <em>Coloring <\/em>to <strong>&#8216;Temperature&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Set the <em>Size <\/em>to <strong>&#8216;5e-4&#8217;<\/strong>. This is the diameter of the streamlines&#8217; circular cross-section;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>For this case, the <em>Trace both directions<\/em> option can be both activated or deactivated.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_updated.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"646\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_updated-1024x646.png\" alt=\"u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_updated u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70701\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_updated-1024x646.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_updated-300x189.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_updated-768x484.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_updated.png 1376w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 34: The beginning of the streamlines is far from the hot gas&#8217;s inlet, so the temperature is the lowest there. <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This can be repeated for the hot gas too. Create a new <strong>&#8216;Particle Trace&#8217;<\/strong> set. Select the face of the inlet as the seed face too:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/Second-Set-of-particle-Trace.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"504\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/Second-Set-of-particle-Trace-1024x504.png\" alt=\"pick position for streamline generation of the hit gas in heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-50051\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/Second-Set-of-particle-Trace-1024x504.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/Second-Set-of-particle-Trace-300x148.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/Second-Set-of-particle-Trace-768x378.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/Second-Set-of-particle-Trace-1536x756.png 1536w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2022\/04\/Second-Set-of-particle-Trace-2048x1007.png 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 35: The seed face coincides with the inlet of the fluid medium here too.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Then apply the following:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Deactivate the two filters from before so you only see the new set of streamlines;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Set the <em># Seeds horizontally<\/em> and <em># Seeds vertically<\/em> to <strong>&#8217;20&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Add a <em>Spacing<\/em> input of <strong>&#8216;3e-3&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Switch the<em> Coloring<\/em> to <strong>&#8216;Temperature&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Set the <em>Size<\/em> to <strong>&#8216;3e-4&#8217;<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deactivate the <em>Trace both directions<\/em> option.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"701\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_2-1024x701.png\" alt=\"u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70699\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_2-1024x701.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_2-300x205.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_2-768x526.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_streamlines_2.png 1274w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 36: The streamlines of the hot gas cover the whole volume inside between the cells and coolant&#8217;s tube.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, keep in mind that if you wish to visualize the streamlines and the shell at the same time, so you produce an image as you can see in Figure 1, then you can go ahead and reduce the opacity of the latter, after setting the <em>Coloring<\/em> to <strong>&#8216;Solid Color&#8217;<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_final_streamlines.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"717\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_final_streamlines-1024x717.png\" alt=\"u_tube_tutorial_final_streamlines u-tube heat exchanger\" class=\"wp-image-70700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_final_streamlines-1024x717.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_final_streamlines-300x210.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_final_streamlines-768x537.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2023\/05\/u_tube_tutorial_final_streamlines.png 1239w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 37: After the two fluid regions are hidden using the tree at the top right of the interface, the visibility of the shell can be reduced so both streamlines sets are visualized too.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For more information, have a look at our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/docs\/post-processing\/new-integrated-post-processor\/\">post-processing guide<\/a> to learn how to use the post-processor.<br><strong>Congratulations! You finished the tutorial!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"hw-block hw-btnWrapper hw-btnWrapper--alignCenter \">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/workbench\/?pid=431928085250198228\" class=\"hw-btn  hw-btn--secondary  \" rel=\"noopener \" target=\"_blank\"    >\n        Have a look at the finished project    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"hw-block hw-note hw-note--info hw-note\">\n    <div class=\"hw-note__title\">\n        <p class=\"hw-note__titleText\"><i class=\"fa fa-exclamation-circle\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/i>Note<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"hw-note__body\">\n        <p>If you have questions or suggestions, please reach out either via the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/forum\/\">forum<\/a> or <a href=\"mailto:support@simscale.com\">contact us<\/a> directly.<\/p>\n    <\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class='hw-block hw-references hw-references'>\n    <p class='hw-references__title'>References<\/p>\n    <ul class='hw-references__list'>\n\n        <li><cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ansonindustry.com\/pressure-vessel\/u-tube-heat-exchanger.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">https:\/\/www.ansonindustry.com\/pressure-vessel\/u-tube-heat-exchanger.html<\/a> <\/cite><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This tutorial shows how a conjugate heat transfer simulation in a U-tube heat exchanger can be performed using...","protected":false},"author":113,"featured_media":29142,"parent":15320,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-documentation.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":true,"_crdt_document":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-27641","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27641","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/113"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27641"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/27641\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15320"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29142"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27641"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}