{"id":105510,"date":"2025-08-11T09:51:35","date_gmt":"2025-08-11T09:51:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/?page_id=105510"},"modified":"2025-08-11T10:10:24","modified_gmt":"2025-08-11T10:10:24","slug":"team-20-magnetostatics","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/docs\/validation-cases\/team-20-magnetostatics\/","title":{"rendered":"Validation Case: TEAM 20"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The TEAM 20 validation case belongs to electromagnetics. This test case aims to validate the following parameters:<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BH magnetic permeability curve<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Open coils<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Forces and torques result control<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">SimScale&#8217;s simulation results were compared to measured data presented by Nakata <em>et al.<\/em>\\(^1\\) and further expanded in TEAM Workshop 3\\(^2\\).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"hw-block hw-btnWrapper hw-btnWrapper--alignCenter \">\n    <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/workbench\/?pid=6721641248899061585&#038;mi=spec%3Ab47b8756-7fb4-4e0e-a42d-2704a02ef338%2Cservice%3ASIMULATION%2Cstrategy%3A171\" class=\"hw-btn    \" rel=\"noopener \" target=\"_blank\"    >\n        View Project    <\/a>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<h2 id='geometry' id='geometry' id='geometry' id='geometry' id='geometry' id='geometry' id='geometry' id='geometry' class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"geometry\">Geometry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A solenoid with a steel core and plunger pole is analyzed using the magnetostatics module in SimScale. In this project, a current applied to the coil generates a force onto the pole, which is monitored in the results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The image below shows the complete assembly (on the left) and the quarter solenoid model used as reference in this validation project (on the right):<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/team-20-validation-case-geometry-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/team-20-validation-case-geometry-1-1024x684.png\" alt=\"team 20 validation case geometry electromagnetics\" class=\"wp-image-105516\" style=\"width:602px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/team-20-validation-case-geometry-1-1024x684.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/team-20-validation-case-geometry-1-300x201.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/team-20-validation-case-geometry-1-768x513.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/team-20-validation-case-geometry-1.png 1381w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 1: TEAM 20 solenoid geometry, consisting of a copper coil (in dark grey), a steel pole (in blue), and a steel yoke (in light grey)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Besides the three solid parts, an additional air domain is created around the solenoid, resulting in the following geometry:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/final-geometry.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"774\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/final-geometry-774x1024.png\" alt=\"solenoid geometry validation case emag\" class=\"wp-image-105611\" style=\"width:436px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/final-geometry-774x1024.png 774w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/final-geometry-227x300.png 227w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/final-geometry-768x1016.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/final-geometry.png 968w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 774px) 100vw, 774px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2: Final geometry used in the present validation case<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 id='analysis-type-and-mesh' class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"analysis-type-and-mesh\">Analysis Type and Mesh<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Analysis Type<\/strong>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/docs\/analysis-types\/electromagnetics\/\">Electromagnetics<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Model<\/strong>:<a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/docs\/simwiki\/cfd-computational-fluid-dynamics\/what-is-laminar-flow\/\"> <\/a>Magnetostatics<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Mesh and Element Types<\/strong>: The meshes from this validation case were created in SimScale with the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/docs\/simulation-setup\/meshing\/standard\/\">Standard meshing algorithm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Find below an overview of the meshes used in this validation study:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Mesh<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Mesh Type<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Nodes<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Element Type<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Coarse Mesh<\/td><td>Standard<\/td><td>91765<\/td><td>3D tetrahedral<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Moderate Mesh<\/td><td>Standard<\/td><td>797780<\/td><td>3D tetrahedral<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fine Mesh<\/td><td>Standard<\/td><td>2076159<\/td><td>3D tetrahedral<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Table 1: Standard mesh metrics. The meshes consist exclusively of tetrahedral elements<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Figure 3 shows the fine mesh aspect on the surfaces of the solenoid:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-solenoid-emag.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"760\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-solenoid-emag-760x1024.png\" alt=\"solenoid mesh electromagnetics\" class=\"wp-image-105585\" style=\"width:406px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-solenoid-emag-760x1024.png 760w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-solenoid-emag-223x300.png 223w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-solenoid-emag-768x1034.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-solenoid-emag.png 903w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 3: Standard mesh with fineness 10 and volumetric refinements<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 id='simulation-setup' class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"simulation-setup\">Simulation Setup<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Material<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Air: flow region\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Material behavior<\/em>: Soft magnetic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\\((\u03c3)\\) Electric conductivity<\/em>: 0 \\(S\/m\\)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Magnetic permeability type<\/em>: Constant<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\\((\u03bc_r)\\) Relative magnetic permeability<\/em>: 1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Copper: coil\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Material behavior<\/em>: Soft magnetic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\\((\u03c3)\\) Electric conductivity<\/em>: 5.7e7 \\(S\/m\\)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Magnetic permeability type<\/em>: Constant<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\\((\u03bc_r)\\) Relative magnetic permeability<\/em>: 1<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Steel: pole and yoke\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Material behavior<\/em>: Soft magnetic<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>\\((\u03c3)\\) Electric conductivity<\/em>: 6.99e6 \\(S\/m\\)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Magnetic permeability type<\/em>: BH curve, available below for download and also in Team Problem 20\\(^3\\)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-file\"><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-090fdaca-fc01-4d20-a17a-567d3bfc3fe8\" href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/BH-curve.csv\"><strong>BH-curve<\/strong><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/BH-curve.csv\" class=\"wp-block-file__button wp-element-button\" download aria-describedby=\"wp-block-file--media-090fdaca-fc01-4d20-a17a-567d3bfc3fe8\">Download<\/a><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Coils<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The TEAM 20 validation case involves coils with 1000, 3000, 4500, and 5000 ampere-turns. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since a quarter model is used, the setup involves an open coil with the following settings:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><em>Coil type<\/em>: Stranded<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Number of turns<\/em>: 1000<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Wire diameter<\/em>: 0.001 \\(m\\)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Excitation<\/em>: Current<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\\((I)\\) <em>Current<\/em>: a parametric definition with 4 currents of interest: 1, 3, 4.5, and 5 \\(A\\)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/open-coil-solenoid-definition.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"939\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/open-coil-solenoid-definition-1024x939.png\" alt=\"open stranded coil validation case\" class=\"wp-image-105781\" style=\"width:482px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/open-coil-solenoid-definition-1024x939.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/open-coil-solenoid-definition-300x275.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/open-coil-solenoid-definition-768x704.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/open-coil-solenoid-definition.png 1502w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 4: Open, stranded coil with 4 currents defined via a parametric setup.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Boundary Conditions<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">All external faces receive a magnetic flux tangential boundary condition.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/boundary-condition-emag-validation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"931\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/boundary-condition-emag-validation-1024x931.png\" alt=\"boundary condition emag validation\" class=\"wp-image-105763\" style=\"width:568px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/boundary-condition-emag-validation-1024x931.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/boundary-condition-emag-validation-300x273.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/boundary-condition-emag-validation-768x698.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/boundary-condition-emag-validation.png 1390w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 5: Boundary condition configuration for the present validation case.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 id='reference-solution' id='reference-solution' id='reference-solution' id='reference-solution' id='reference-solution' id='reference-solution' id='reference-solution' id='reference-solution' class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"reference-solution\"><strong>Reference Solution<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Initial experimental results for forces in the Z-direction on the steel pole were presented by Nakata <em>et al.<\/em>\\(^1\\) and further expanded in TEAM Workshop 3\\(^2\\). When considering the full CAD model, the reference solution is:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Ampere-turns<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>\\(F_z\\) on the steel pole<\/strong> \\([N]\\)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1000<\/td><td>8.1<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3000<\/td><td>54.4<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4500<\/td><td>75.0<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5000<\/td><td>80.1<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Table 2: Reference results for forces in the z-direction for each case<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 id='result-comparison' id='result-comparison' id='result-comparison' id='result-comparison' id='result-comparison' id='result-comparison' id='result-comparison' id='result-comparison' class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"result-comparison\">Result Comparison<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A mesh sensitivity study was performed with a set of three meshes: a coarse mesh with 91765 nodes, a moderate mesh with 797780 nodes, and a fine mesh with 2076159 nodes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since the validation case uses a quarter model, the forces in the Z direction from the simulation were multiplied by 4 and then compared against the reference results.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-sensitivity-emag.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-sensitivity-emag-1024x675.png\" alt=\"mesh sensitivity study solenoid emag validation\" class=\"wp-image-105794\" style=\"width:667px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-sensitivity-emag-1024x675.png 1024w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-sensitivity-emag-300x198.png 300w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-sensitivity-emag-768x506.png 768w, https:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2025\/07\/mesh-sensitivity-emag.png 1054w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 6: Compilation of the mesh sensitivity study results.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For all four studies, the results between the moderate and fine mesh shifted less than 0.15%, indicating great stability at these mesh densities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Table 3 compares the experimental data against the fine mesh results:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Ampere-turns<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Experimental \\(F_z\\) \\([N]\\)<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Fine Mesh <strong>\\(F_z\\) \\([N]\\)<\/strong><\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Error [%]<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>1000<\/strong><\/td><td>8.1<\/td><td>8.8<\/td><td>8.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>3000<\/strong><\/td><td>54.4<\/td><td>55.9<\/td><td>2.7<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>4500<\/strong><\/td><td>75.0<\/td><td>75.6<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>5000<\/strong><\/td><td>80.1<\/td><td>80.7<\/td><td>0.8<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Table 3: TEAM 20 experimental data versus fine mesh results<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The simulation results showed good correspondence with the reference data, also highlighting the importance of a mesh sensitivity study in gaining understanding and confidence in simulation results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n<div class='hw-block hw-references hw-references'>\n    <p class='hw-references__title'>References<\/p>\n    <ul class='hw-references__list'>\n\n        <li><cite>T. Nakata, N. Takahashi, H. Morishige, J. L. Coulomb, and J. C. Sabonnadiere, &#8220;Analysis of 3-d static force problem,&#8221;  in Proceedings of TEAM Workshop on Computation of Applied Electromagnetics in Materials, pp. 73-79, 1993.<\/cite><\/li><li><cite>T. Nakata, N. Takahashi, M. Nakano, H. Morishige, and K. Masubara, &#8220;Improvement  of measurement of 3-d static force problem (problem 20),&#8221;  in Proceedings of TEAM Workshop , Miami, November 1993.<\/cite><\/li><li><cite><a href=\"https:\/\/www.compumag.org\/wphttps:\/\/frontend-assets.simscale.com\/media\/2018\/06\/problem20.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\u201cTEAM Problem 20. 3-D Static Force Problem&#8221;<\/a><\/cite><\/li>\n    <\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The TEAM 20 validation case belongs to electromagnetics. This test case aims to validate the following...","protected":false},"author":114,"featured_media":105516,"parent":17191,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-documentation.php","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_crdt_document":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-105510","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/105510","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/114"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=105510"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/105510\/revisions"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17191"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/105516"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.simscale.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=105510"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}